Bell UH-1H crash near Payson, AZ, United States

HISTORY OF FLIGHTOn July 7, 2020, about 1213 mountain standard time, a Bell/Garlick UH-1H helicopter, N623PB, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident near Payson, Arizona. The pilot was fatally injured. The helicopter was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 133 external load flight. The helicopter was owned by Airwest Helicopters LLC and operated by the United States Forest Service (USFS) at the time of the accident supporting firefighting efforts against the Polles Fire in the Tonto National Forest about 11 nautical miles (nm) west of Payson. The fire was accessible only by helicopter due to the rugged terrain, and ground crews were largely dependent on helicopters for transportation and support. According to witnesses, the helicopter was transporting supplies externally using a 100-ft-long line and cargo nets for a USFS hotshot firefighting crew that was repositioning on the ground. The pilot transported three loads from site H2 to site H5 uneventfully before the accident and was using an indirect route to the north to avoid a fire area. (See Figure 1.) While transporting the fourth load, witnesses observed the helicopter begin to fly erratically when it reached a plateau while enroute to its destination. During this time, a witness stated that he observed the helicopter enter a high nose-up pitch attitude, and the external payload began to swing. The helicopter then displayed irregular movements for several seconds before the external payload settled and the helicopter appeared to stabilize. However, after about 3 seconds, multiple witnesses observed the helicopter wobble and bank erratically before it entered a steep nose-up attitude and then descended rapidly to ground impact. Two witnesses reported that the helicopter started to twist to the right as it descended. The witnesses did not observe the helicopter on fire during the accident flight nor did the pilot report any anomalies over the assigned air-to-ground radio frequency, Air Guard, or any other assigned frequencies for the fire. Figure 1: Depiction of helicopter flight path based on witness statements PERSONNEL INFORMATIONAccording to the USFS, the pilot was required to renew his pilot qualification card every 12 calendar months. The pilot’s most recent qualification card was issued on April 17, 2020 and listed an expiration date of April 2021. He was approved for multiple applications including: “water retardant, bucket; Ext load, >50’ longline vertical reference (VTR); and snorkel (mirror & VTR)”. The pilot was permitted to fly a UH-1 helicopter with an expiration of April 2023 for each of the abovementioned applications. According to the USFS, qualification cards are issued annually to ensure all associated administrative requirements are met, while special missions are evaluated every 3 years. AIRCRAFT INFORMATIONThe USFS required that an interagency load calculation (Form OAS 67/FS 5700) be completed for all flights and that a new calculation be completed when operating conditions changed by 1,000 ft elevation or 5°C in temperature. An interagency load calculation was completed before the pilot’s first flight in anticipation of relocating six loads via longline from site H2 to site H5. According to the completed form, the departure and destination were both listed at a pressure altitude of 5,000 ft with an outside ambient temperature of 35°C. The helicopter equipped weight was listed as 5,545 lbs; the flight crew weight was 150 lbs; the fuel weight was 1,200 lbs (171 gallons); and the total operating weight was 6,895 lbs. Based on the pilot’s performance computations, which included a gross weight of 9,500 lbs, the maximum allowable external payload was 2,605 lbs. The payload manifest listed the external cargo weight at the time of the accident as 1,975 lbs consisting of 19 cases of Gatorade and the net, hook, swivel and longline. An independent review of the manifest calculated the weight of 19 cases of Gatorade (31 lbs per case) to be 589 lbs plus the hook, swivel, net, and long line for a total external load weight of 664 lbs. According to the USFS interagency helicopter load calculation form, the helicopter had about 171 gallons of JET-A fuel onboard before its first flight on the morning of the accident. The USFS provided documentation showing that the helicopter flew for about 25 minutes while transporting its first three loads before the accident flight. Hydraulic System Information The helicopter flight controls were powered by a hydraulic system that operated the flight control cylinders. According to the rotorcraft flight manual (RFM): The hydraulic system is used to minimize the force required by the pilot to move the cyclic, collective and pedal controls. A hydraulic pump, mounted on and driven by the transmission supplies pressure to the hydraulic servos. The hydraulic servos are connected into the mechanical linkage of the helicopter flight control system. Movement of the controls in any direction causes a valve, in the appropriate system, to open and admit hydraulic pressure which actuates the cylinder, thereby reducing the force-load required for control movement. Irreversible valves are installed on the cyclic and collective hydraulic servo cylinders to prevent main rotor feedback to the cyclic and collective in the event of hydraulic system malfunction. The owner of the helicopter operator, who was also an experienced pilot in the accident helicopter, described the amount of force the pilot was required to exert on the flight controls during hydraulic off operation as significantly higher than when the hydraulic boost was enabled. This can limit how quickly a pilot can make control inputs and after a few minutes can result in physical fatigue. The RFM provided descriptions of three potential hydraulic power related emergency events: hydraulic power failure, flight control stiffness, and flight control servo hardover. Hydraulic Power Failure Hydraulic power failure will be evident when the force required for control movement increases; a moderate feedback in the controls when moved is felt, and/or the HYD PRESSURE caution light illuminates. Control movements will result in normal helicopter response. In the event of hydraulic power failure: 1. Airspeed – Adjust as necessary to attain the most comfortable level of control movements. 2. HYD CONT circuit breaker – Out. If hydraulic power is not restored: 3. HYD CONT circuit breaker – In. 4. HYD CONT switch – OFF. 5. Land as soon as practicable at an area that will permit a run-on landing with power. Maintain airspeed at or above effective transitional lift until touchdown. Control Stiffness A failure within the irreversible valve may cause extreme stiffness in the collective or two of the four cyclic control quadrants. If the failure is in one of the two cyclic irreversible valves, caution is necessary to avoid over controlling between the failed and operational quadrants. 1. HYD CONT switch – OFF then ON. Check for restoration of normal flight control movements. Repeat as necessary. If control response is not restored: 2. HYD CONT switch – OFF. If normal operation is not restored: 3. Land as soon as practicable at an area that will permit a run-on landing with power. Maintain airspeed at or above effective transitional lift until touchdown. Flight Control Servo Hardover   a. Cyclic hardover is caused by a sequencing valve failure within the Irreversible valve on either or both cyclic servos. Cyclic servo hardover will cause the cyclic to move full [r]ight forward, full left rear, full left forward, or full right rear.   b. Collective hardover is caused by a sequencing valve failure within the irreversible valve failure on the collective servo. The collective will move to the full up or full down position. c. A failure of any flight control servo may render the helicopter uncontrollable unless the following action is taken. 1. HYD CONT select - Select opposi